The Impact of Production Systems & Operation levels on Milk Yield and Hygiene ) Cause Study Khartoum State Dairy Farms

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of production systems and operation levels on milk yield and hygiene in the dairy farms of Khartoum State. For these purpose a comprehensive questionnaire was designed for the period of 2002- 2003 to analysis information from 453 randomly taken dairy farms collected and represented 13.2 % of Khartoum state dairy farms. The data were classified according to following criteria 1. Husbandry System 2. Housing and Housing Facilities 3. The stockholder (owners) 4. The workers 5. The Milk and milking system equipments 6. The animals’ health and general Hygiene 7. Feed and feeding Microbiological tests mainly with Plat Count Agar (PCA) were made to 625 random samples of raw milk so as to study the bacterial load of the milk. The data were analyzed by the method of least mean squares according to Sendecor and Cochran (1967). And analysis of variance using Spss version 9. The results obtained showed that 69.8% of the dairy farms are in Khartoum North locality and 17%were in Khartoum locality and 13.2% are in Omdurman locality. The husbandry system data in Khartoum state show that Dekka system of %28, house hold system 7.7% open posture 2 % and 36.3% not defined III system36% Mixed .The breed kept consist of cross breeds 64.7% and the local breeds 2.6 % ,pure foreign breeds 0.9% mixed breeds represent 31.8%.Al Dekka system produced 28% of the milk production in Khartoum state 7.7% of the milk produced on the house hold system and 0.2% on the open pasture system and 36% on the un defined system Milk production of Dekka system was15% for the range 13-25 pounds and for production of more than 25 pound and 6.8% for production of less than 13 pounds .The open pasture produce milk in the rang 13-25 pounds milk production only. un defined system milk production was 22% for the range 13-25 pounds and10.2% for the more than 25 pounds and 13.5% of less than 13 pounds. Milk production of class one represented 1.7% in Khartoum state farms. That of class two represents 87.6% and class three represented 10.7 %. The Under ground water supply for the dairy farms in Khartoum state represent 44.2%, The potable water represented 29.6% , water from Nile Rever7.4% and Others 19%. Cattle herd structure in Khartoum sate was highly signifying <0.001 on the correlation between the total mature cows and lactating ones and between the suckling and weaned male and female calves. Farms under veterinary super vision were31.3% and farms not under veterinarian super vision were 68.7%. Mastitis and Thieleriosis diseases represented 9.3% and 9.7% and diarrhea 7.9% and with a very weak percentage of other diseases ( fever, doban elkala, Rabid Tina warm) The findings of the study would probably give in depth evaluation of the Khartoum state dairy farms and will be useful data for the improvement of milk production and hygiene in the state.