Evaluation of Environmental impact on Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella species isolated from poultry farms

Abstract

This study is targeted the prevalence of Salmonella species in Khartoum State chicken broiler farms environment, and to detect the resistance pattern to different antibiotics by using phenotyping method and detecting beta lactams resistant genes. Four hundred and sixty five samples were collected randomly from 44 farms in Khartoum, Omdurman, and Bahry Localities, they included water source, drinkers, feed source, feeders, faeces, Litter, Cloacal swabs, hand swabs from workers, dust swabs, carcass swabs, carcass meat, and Knife swabs. The samples were analyzed by using ISO 6579: (2002), then confirmed by using API 20E strips. Twenty nine Salmonella species (6.2%) were identified as 21(72.4%) Salmonella arizonae and 8 (27.6%) Salmonella choleraesuis collected from 21 farms in Khartoum State. The isolates were from water source 1 (3.4%), drinkers 4 (13.8%), feeders 4 (13.8%), faeces 3 (10.3%), litter 10 (34.5%), cloacal swabs 1 (3.4%), hand swabs from workers 1 (3.4%), dust swabs 4 (13.8%), and Knife swabs 1 (3.4%). There was no Salmonellae isolated from feed source, carcass swab, and carcass meat. Isolates showed high resistance to amoxicillin 26 (89.7%), followed by tetracycline 16 (55.2%), nalidixic acid14 (48.3%), ampicillin 13 (44.8%), co-trimoxazole 10 (34.5%), streptomycin 8 (27.6%), colisitin and chloramphenicol 3 (10.3%), and gentamicin 2 (6.9%), however, all isolates showed high sensitivity to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, cefixime, cefalexin, and ceftriaxone. Salmonella arizonae showed multidrug resistance to nine antibiotics, amoxicillin 19 (90.5%), tetracycline 12(57.1%), nalidixic acid 11(52.4%), ampicillin10 (47.6%), co trimoxazole 6 (28.6%), streptomycin 5 (23.8%), chloramphenicol and colistin 3(14.3%), and gentamycin 2(9.5%), however all isolates showed high sensitivity to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, cefixime, cefalexin, and ceftriaxone