Verification of Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics Properties of (Al, Fe, and Cu) Irradiated by Gamma Rays for Non-Equilibrium States

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the behavior of attenuation coefficient for gamma rays under thermal non-equilibrium statistical conditions. To do this, 18 samples from Al, Fe, and Cu were prepared. Six samples from each material were prepared in the form of pellets. First, samples from Al, Fe, and Cu left without being exposed to heat, and after that the samples are heated to (24, 40, 50, 60, and 70)0C, then exposed to gamma radiation. The thickness of each mineral were changed to be (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30) mm for Al, (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) mm for Fe, and (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18) mm for Cu, and they also exposed to gamma rays. The transmitted beam intensity was measured using GM counter. To see the effect of heating in evaporating gases and light elements FTIR spectrometer was used. Copper and Iron samples analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and we found that the sample of iron contains (99% of Fe and 1% Ti), and the sample of Copper contains (61% Cu, 31% Zn, 5%Pb, and 3% Fe) The results obtained shows that the transmitted intensity in general decreases upon increasing both temperature and thickness. These two effects are related to thermal collision and thermal expansion which changes thickness. The temperature increase and heat flow are related to non-thermal equilibrium and entropy increase. The non-thermal equilibrium is described by non-equilibrium statistical laws. The empirical relations of these effects can be easily described using nonequilibrium statistical laws derived from plasma and quantum laws for resistive media. These laws describe non-thermal equilibrium statistical states and are related to entropy and thermal internal heat energy. The attenuation coefficient increases first with temperature then shows gentle decrease. The initial increase may result from the fact that initial heating evaporate light elements, which causes the density to increase. This evaporation results from thermal agitation and the heat energy thermal mass transfer. Further heating cause samples to expand, thus increasing its volume which decreases the density. The expansion results from increase of thermal vibration rate which increases amplitude. Thus the attenuation coefficient decreases. The increase of thickness decreases attenuation coefficient which may be related to the re emission process, in which atomic nuclei emit rays. Thus the decrease of attenuation coefficient can be described by non-equilibrium statistical laws.