Mapping Molecules in Nile Water in Northern Sudan Using Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Spectroscopy is the main field of this research which aims to mapping and characterize the molecules on Nile water in Northern Sudan using Raman spectroscopy. Ten samples of water were collected from different five areas in the northern state (Halfa, Abry, Abu hamd, Atbra and Shendy). Two samples were collected from each area, one from the Nile directly and the other from the water pipeline in sterilized plastic tanks to ensure no water contamination. The samples were tested at the modern Indian Institute using the Horiba Lab RAM HR 3D Raman spectrometer equipped with 532 nm laser source with laser power of 6 mW. Each sample was put in a glass slide of Raman spectrometer and Raman spectra were recorded in wave number range of (0 - 4000 cm - 1). which indicated the existence of molecules (O-H bending, α Fe-OH, Si-O-S, C=S, C-F, ν(C-C) stretching, Toluene, C–H bending, p-xylene, P – H, Lactone, C = C, Si – O – C, NO, Isothiocyanat, Diazonium salt, FeII-O, C–O, 〖(ASO_4)〗^(-3), Ester, C=O, C≡N stretch, U〖O_2〗^(+2), C–N–C, ν〖(C–N)〗_β, NO, Aromatic azo, Amide II, Aromatic nitrile, CaCO3, As–O, Ethylbenzene, Sulfonic acid, FeIII-O, 〖PO_4〗^(-3), C – CH3, Thiocyanate, S-S, C–H, perchlorate and NO^(-3) ). The results of Raman spectra obtained for samples collected from the five regions were compared with each other. The samples collected from pipeline in Halfa area were found free from toxic molecules such as 〖(UO_2〗^(+2) and P – H) unlike those collected directly from the Nile stream in the same area, whereas, the samples collected from pipeline in Halfa area, the results indicated the existence of (〖(ASO_4)〗^(-3), p-xylene and NO) molecules which is strangely enough not observed for Nile stream water. The samples collected from pipeline in Abry area were found free from other type of toxic molecules such as (C≡N and Toluene) which appeared in samples from Nile stream in the same area. But concerning in this area, the results indicated the existence of (C = S, Ethylbenzene and NO) molecules in the pipeline water which were not appeared in Nile stream water. Also the sample collected from pipeline in Abu Hamad were found free from toxic molecules such as (〖ASO_4〗^(-3)and 〖PO_4〗^(-3)) which appeared in sample from Nile stream in the same area. whereas, the sample collected from pipeline in Abu Hamad area, the results indicated the existence of (Toluene, Ethylbenzen and 〖UO_2〗^(+2)) molecules which is strangely enough not observed for Nile stream water. The molecules (〖ASO_4〗^(-3), C–N–C, Ethylbenzen and C≡N) were not appeared in the sample collected from pipeline in Atbra area which were found in sample collected from Nile stream water in the same area. But other molecules such as (As–O and ν〖(C–N)〗_β) were found in the sample collected from pipeline in Atbra area and were not found in sample collected from Nile stream water in the same area. Finally the sample collected from pipeline in Shandy area were found free from toxic molecules such as (NO^(-3)and C≡N) unlike those collected directly from the Nile stream in the same area, whereas, the sample collected from pipeline in Shandy area, the results indicated the existence of (S-S, Aromatic nitrile, 〖UO_2〗^(+2)and ν〖(C–N)〗_β) molecules which is strangely enough not observed for Nile stream water.