Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Farms in Khartoum State, Sudan

Abstract

Antibacterial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a One Health Challenge. In the present study the prevalence of isolated and resistant bacteria to detect antibacterial in dairy farms in Khartoum State was investigated. A cross sectional study was conducted in dairy farms in Khartoum State between March and November 2019. Samples from workers’ hands, workers’shoes, animal milk and feces were collected from 160 dairy farms in seven sub- localities namely: Jabalawlia, Bahri, Umbada, Karari, Khartoum, Umdurman, Sharg-Alnile in Khartoum State. The collected samples were cultured, purified and identified using standard bacteriological methods including primary and secondary biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done for the bacterial isolates using disc diffusion method. Of 160 samples, 172 isolates that belong to 9 genera were identified. Of these, the most prevalent genus was Staphylococcus (n = 92; 53.5%), particularly in the hands (n = 28; 30.4%) and shoes (n = 27; 29.3 %). Followed by Enterobacteria (n = 32; 18.6%) particularly in the feces (n = 12; 37.5) and shoes (n = 11; 34.4%). However, Staphylococcus isolates were the most prevalent organism in milk samples (51.3%) compared to other isolates. In sensitivity test, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective drugs for most of Gram positive isolates (n = 123; 100%), followed by Bacitracin (n = 116; 94.3%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to Vancomycin (n = 76; 61.8%). In Gram negative bacteria Enrofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective drug for all isolates (n = 49; 100%), followed by Colistin, Tetracycline and Gentamicin (n = 44; 89.8%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to Ceftazidime (n = 20; 40.8%). Moreover, Corynebacterium bacteria displayed multi-drug resistance (100%) for 3 drugs (Vancomycin, Penicillin, and Bacitracin) Bacillus spp showed resistance (100%) for 2 drugs (Amoxicillin and Vancomycin) and Micrococcus spp resistant (85.7%) for vancomycin and (71.4%) for Pencillin. In Gram negative bacteria Acintobacter showed resistance (100%) to 2 drugs namely Ceftazidime and Imipenem. In conclusion, the most prevalent bacteria in dairy farms in Khartoum State was Staphylococcus especially in milk samples. Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin were highly potent antibiotic for most Gram positive isolates. While Enrofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective antibiotics for Gram negative isolates. Resistance to Vancomycin and Ceftazidime was increased. The multi-drug resistance was identified for various antibiotics especially in Gram positive bacteria such as Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Penicillin and Amoxicillin, while in Gram negative bacteria the multi-drug resistance was observed with Ceftazidime and Imipenem.