Study of fetal anomalies using ultrasonography

Abstract

The main objective of this thesis is to show the role of ultrasound scan performed in the second trimester of pregnancy in detecting congenital malformations with an increasing diagnostic sensitivity. A prospective health facility (Ibrahim Malik and Omdurman Military hospital) based study, conducted during the period April 2018 – December 2018. The data was collected from 200 pregnant ladies having at least one of the known risk factors, the study was retro-prospective in which the data was collected to determine age, obstetric and gynecological history, gestational age a, risk factors, etc. Two dimensions’ ultrasound machine were used Mindary (Japanese Company) with convex probe. Mindray DP-10 is a very easy to use, it is a portable ultrasound system. The distribution of representing female according to age is as follow; 17%between 20-25 years of age; 35% between 26-30 years, 25% between 31-35 years and the least representing age was the ladies above 40 years with7% . Highest percentage of the women 57.5% screened by ultrasound for congenital abnormalities ate third trimester, 27% at second trimester and 9.5% at first trimester The incidence of fetal anomalies was found to be 12.5% in the northern population ; 11.5% in the central population , 35.5% in the western population , 33.5% in the eastern population and the southern represents only 7% . Head and neural tube anomalies 26.5%, anterior abdominal wall defects 12%, face and neck 5.5% and genitourinary system (renal) 1%. spina bifeda, hydrocephalus, anencephaly, microcephaly and cephalocel were reported in 45.3%, 20.8%, 17%, 9.4% and 1.9% respectively within the subgroup (head neural tube), and in 12%, 5.5%, 4.5%, 2.5% and 0.5% within the total sample. cystic hydroma, frontonasal dysplasia and mictonasia were reported in 54.5%, 36.4%, and 9.1% respectively. In the anterior abdominal wall the reported defects were omphalocele 50%, followed by gastroschisis 29.2%, umbilical hernia 16.7% and amniotic bands syndrome 4.2% (within the subgroup: anterior abdominal wall). In these defects were reported in 6%, 3.5%, 2% and 0.5% of the total sample respectively. Maternal age more than 40 years and lack of iron supplement were found to be the major risk factor to develop congenital malformations. That’s way antenatal visits & follow up are very important to avoid and detect the anomalies.