Chemical Characteristics of Honey Bee Products and their Effect on Diabetic Patients

Abstract

The water content of honey bee products honey 17.76 %, royal jelly (d.m.) 14.91% , pollen (d.m.) 14.54% while in propolis (d.m.) 6.36% the lowest value was detected in propolis ( dry matter ) while the highest in honey .Ash content of honey bee products in honey 0.296 % , royal jelly (d.m.) 5.51% , propolis 17.23% and pollen (d.m.) 1.88% the lowest value was detected in honey while the highest in propolis (dry matter) . The carbohydrate content of honey bee products in honey 81.59% , royal jelly 20.02% , propolis 25.49 % in pollen 46.4% the lowest value was detected in royal jelly while the highest in honey . Glucose, Fructose detected in honey only .The ratio of fructose / glucose in this study was ( 43.19/39.5) = 1.09 while sucrose not detected at all . Crude fiber of honey bee products the lowest value was detected in honey and royal jelly ( ND) while the crude fiber in propolis (dry matter) 2.29%) and pollen ( 6.59 %). Total lipid on honey bee products in honey 0.0016% , royal jelly 34.71% , propolis 43.78% and in pollen 15.62% the lowest value was detected in honey while the highest in propolis (dry matter) .Crude proteins of honey bee products in honey 0.32%, royal jelly 24.83 % , propolis 1.23%, in pollen 14.95% the lowest value was detected in honey while the highest in royal jelly . Hydroxy methyl furfural ( H.M.F.) was determined in honey only (H.M.F) in honey was 1.73 mg/kg Total polyphenols concentration of honey bee products , in honey 0.31% , royal jelly 0.41%, propolis 4.82% and in pollen 1.4%. The amino acids contents of honey bee products show that, the glutamic acid aspartic acid proline leucin, the major constituent amino acids of honey bee product. Carotenoids in honey bee products was ( 60.52, 382.26, 303.63, 604.23, ) mg / 100 gram respectively . Vitamin C was ( 25.33, 75.06, 59.8, 321.1) mg / 100 gram respectively. Vitamin B1 was( 0.079, 1.503, 1.586, 0.695 ) mg / 100 gram respectively, and vitamin B2 was( 0.160, 1.96, 0.215, 0.940) mg / 100 gram respectively. The results of minerals indicated that, , potassium (123.33 ppm), iron (122.65 ppm), calcium (75.1ppm), sodium (73.59ppm) are the major minerals in honey. Data also showed that, iron (305.9 ppm), zinc (300.7 ppm), magnesium (91.20ppm) and calcium (81.23ppm) are the major minerals of royal jelly. Potassium (624.66ppm), iron (514.82ppm), magnesium (210.3ppm), and calcium (137.7ppm) are the major minerals of propolis. The major minerals of pollen are, iron (204 ppm), calcium (110.6 ppm), magnesium (43.10ppm), and sodium ( 41.88ppm). Enzymes invertase , diastase and glucose oxidase has been measured on honey bee products results showed that, invertase anzymes in honey and pollen are 19.16and 1.40U/kg respectively. diastase in honey ( 7.33G.U). Glucose oxidase activity was in honey (420mg/hr) and pollen (18.05mg/hr . Honey is the rich source of the enzymes . Diabetic patients (265) attending clinics in Sudan and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were recruited randomly for this study. Data showed that, 81.9% of the patients they replied that, there were an improvement of polyuria, 16.9% had no change and 1.2% of the patients, their polyuria get worse. In this study 57.1% their polydipsia is improved, 40.3% showed no change and 2.6%, think that there polydipsia becoming worse. Using honey bee products improve the general health of the majority (91.2%) of the patients, in term of symptoms free and think or feeling they are more active, 7.7 % they found no improvement and the general health of 1.1% of the patients is becoming worse after using the honey products . In this study 43.4% showed improvement in their sexual life after using honey bee product, 54.0% either replied there was no change concerning impotence. Generally results indicated that, patients having the diseases in the last 5 years their symptoms improved better than patients having the diseases for more than 10 year. The data in this study illustrated that, patients taking tablets, their polyuria, and polydipsia improved better than those taking insulin or not taking any medicine. Data showed that 55.6% and 50% of patient taking tablets or not taking any medicine their impotence improved, whereas only 18% of patients taking insulin their impotence improved. -Effect of honey bee products on blood glucose level on diabetic patients In this study the mean (± SD) of fasting blood glucose level of all patients was 218.1(± 75.0) mg/100 ml of blood in the first week. In the second week both the fasting and postprandium blood glucose were increased (P = 0.9, not significant), from the third week both start to decrease till the end of the survey. In week three the mean fasting blood glucose significantly (P<0.05) dropped to 193.0 ± 105.2 and the postprandial was drop to 243.74 ± 139.47 mg/100 ml of blood and both (fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels) continued to drop significantly (P<0.001), the fasting blood glucose drop to 167.5 ± 33.76 in week. The fasting blood glucose level of patients taking honey, was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in week four compared to the initial value (from 219.5 ± 68.6 to 195.8 ± 90.0) and continued to drop significantly (P<0.001) to 141 ± 63.7 mg per 100 ml of blood in week 12. Results also show that the postprandial blood glucose level dropped significantly from 307.5 mg/100 ml to 203.3 mg/100 ml in week 12. Data showed no significant association between the effect of all the constituents assessed of honey bee products and the reduction of fasting or postprandium blood gluocse levels of patients involved in this study.