Energy Consumption Performance Using Window-to-Wall Ratio Factor in a Hot, Dry Climate in Office Buildings: A Case Study in Khartoum City, Sudan

Abstract

This study investigates energy consumption in office buildings, which are among the most energy-intensive building types and significantly contribute to overall energy demand and associated environmental impacts. The research aims to evaluate the role of energy‐efficient design strategies, with particular emphasis on the window‐to‐wall ratio (WWR), in reducing cooling energy consumption in office buildings located in Khartoum City. Three contemporary office buildings were selected as case studies. The adopted methodology integrates parametric building modeling and energy simulation using Rhino, Grasshopper for Rhino, and DIVA to assess the influence of different WWR configurations on building energy performance. Simulation results were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to identify trends and performance variations. The findings reveal that WWR was not sufficiently considered during the early design stages of the investigated buildings, leading to increased solar heat gains, higher indoor thermal loads, and consequently elevated cooling energy demand. The study demonstrates that appropriate control of WWR can play a critical role in improving energy performance in office buildings situated in hot, arid climates. The results underline the importance of integrating energy efficiency considerations at the design stage and provide evidence-based guidance for architects and decision-makers to support the adoption of passive design strategies in similar climatic contexts