Effect of Cigarette and Water pipe Smoking on some Hematological Parameters among Sudanese in Khartoum State

Abstract

This is an analytical case control study, was conducted in Khartoum State during February to June 2015 to study the effects of cigarette and shisha smoking on some hematological parameters. One hundred and fifty apparently healthy participants with average age 18 to 50 years were divided into three groups(50 cigarette smokers, 50 shisha smokers and 50 non-smokers) were enrolled to participate in this study. A questionnaire was fulfilled and k3EDTA anticoagulant venous blood samples were collected from each participant. All ethical consideration and agreements were taken for each participant. Hematological parameters such hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell count (RBCs), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume(MCV), men cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (HCHC), platelets, total white blood cell and differential count were estimated by using automated hematological analyzer ″ SYSMEX KX 21N″mean and stander deviation of each parameter were calculated for each group, statistical package for social science (SPSS) computer program version 15 was used for data processing. In cigarette smokers mean RBCs (5.64×106/μL ±0.56 vs 5.06×106/μL ±0.45), mean HGB (14.61±1.11 vs 13.38±1.23),mean HCT (45.85%±2.56 vs 42.90%±2.52) and mean MCHC(32.26g/dl±1.34 vs 30.66 g/dl ±1.00) was increased significantly when compared to non-smokers with (p.value 0.000). Neutrophils% and lymphocytes% show significant difference (p. value = 0.013) and (p. value = 0.045) respectively between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Total leukocyte count was increasesignificantly in both smoker groupscigarette smokers(5.66×103/μl±1.50 vs 4.97×103/μl ±1.00) and shisha smokers (5.64×103 /μl±1.81 vs 4.97×103/μl ±1.00)when compared with control group, p.value (0.002) and (0.011) respectively. Mean RBCs (5.72×106/μL ±0.63 vs 5.06×106/μL ±0.45), mean HGB (15.05g/dl ±0.92 vs 13.38g/dl ±1.23), mean HCT (46.51%±2.87vs 42.90%±2.52) and mean MCHC(32.37g/dl±1.51 vs 30.66 g/dl ±1.00) was increased significantly in shisha smokers when compared to non-smokers with (p.value0.000). In shisha smokers the mean of MCH(28.56p.g±2.09 vs 27.86 p.g ±2.13) show significance differences when compare with non-smokers (p.value0.023). However the mean of meancell volume, platelets counts and mixed white blood cell did not affected by smoking either cigarette or shisha when compare with non-smokers (p.value˃0.05). This study conclude that smoking have very bad adverse on some blood constituents