Volume 14 No. 2

Epidemiological and Bacteriological Investigation of Bovine Mastitis in Khartoum State, Sudan

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Epidemiological and Bacteriological Investigation of Bovine Mastitis in Khartoum State, Sudan Nigo , Kundu Levi Sebit; Elfadil , Abdelhamid Ahmed Mohamed; Bakhiet , Mohamed Rajab A cross-sectional study was conducted in large and small dairy farms in Khartoum state from April to October 2012. The objectives were to estimate the overall prevalence of bovine mastitis (clinical and subclinical), elucidate the association of potential risk factors and to isolate and identify the bacteria associated with mastitis from milk samples. A total of 646 lactating dairy cow comprising 51 local, 590 cross and 5 pure breed cows were randomly selected and screened using California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis and clinical examination for clinical mastitis. The overall individual animal prevalence was found to be 51% (6.3% clinical and 44.7% subclinical). The prevalence in different localities was 67.7% in Ombadda, 45.2% in Omdurman, 50% in East Nile and 45.1% in Khartoum. The overall herd prevalence was 90.5% (27% clinical and 63.5% subclinical). The percentage of mastitis within quarters was 24% (4% clinical and 20% subclinical, 50% in the hind quarters and 48.7% in the front quarters). Risk factors such as, locality, health score, stage of lactation, parity, previous exposure to mastitis, teat injuries, presence of ticks, yielding milk, herd size, floor disinfectant, water scarcity, drainage system, dung removing, farm fencing and education level showed statistically significant association with the occurrence of mastitis in the univariate analysis (p-value ? 0.25). The results of the present study also showed that locality, stage of lactation, parity, previous exposure to mastitis and yielding milk had statistically significant association with mastitis in the multivariate analysis (p-value ? 0.05). Twenty five subclinically positive milk samples and 25 milk samples from clinically affected cows were subjected to bacteriological examination. All 50 samples yielded growth. Among these cultured positive samples, the prevalent mastitis causing agents isolated were: 61.1% Staphylococcus spp., 15% Streptococcus spp., 6% Corynebacterium spp., 3% Aerococcus spp., 2% Micrococcus spp. and 2% Bacillus spp. article

Chemical Weed Control in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Dongola Locality, Northern State, Sudan

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Chemical Weed Control in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Dongola Locality, Northern State, Sudan Mohamed , Mukhtar A.; Mahgoub ,Babiker M.; Ibrahim , Gamar Elniaama A. Weeds constitute a major biotic constraint that limits wheat production (Triticum aestivum L.) in Sudan. A herbicide experiment was conducted during two consecutive winter seasons of the years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 at Elkarwat scheme, Dongola Locality, Northern State, Sudan to determine the magnitude of yield losses due to weed interference and to evaluate herbicidal efficacy of 2,4-D, Clodinafop-propargyl and their tank mixtures in wheat. Weeded and unweeded checks were included for comparison. 2,4-D at all rates gave consistent and effective control of broad-leaved weeds throughout the growing season, but its activity against grassy weeds was poor. Clodinafop-propargyl at both rates gave good control of grassy weeds, but its activity against broad-leaved weeds was poor. The herbicides in tank mixtures gave consistent and effective control of both grassy and broad-leaved weeds throughout the season. The highest grassy and broad-leaved weeds control was achieved by the herbicides tank mixtures. A significant weed control was achieved in terms of total weed biomass reduction with all herbicides rates and their tank mixtures compared to the weedy check. The highest weed biomass reduction was achieved by 2,4-D at 6.8 kg a.i./fed. in tank mixture with clodinafop-propargyl at 0.3 and 0.4 kg a.i./fed. Combined analysis of both winter seasons indicated that unrestricted weed growth significantly reduced wheat grain yield by 68.94% compared to the weed free treatment. The results showed that among all herbicides treatments the highest grain yield was achieved by 2,4-D at 6.8 kg. a.i/fed., in tank mixture with clodinafop-propargyl at 0.4 kg. a.i/fed., which gave a total grain yield comparable to weed free treatment. article

Bacteriological Study of Poultry Meat in Semi-Automatic Abattoir in Khartoum State-Sudan

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Bacteriological Study of Poultry Meat in Semi-Automatic Abattoir in Khartoum State-Sudan Abdalla , Ahmed A.; Suliman , Siham E.; Shuaib , Yassir A.; Abdalla , Mohamed A. The current study was conducted to investigate the contaminating microorganisms that can be found on broiler carcasses during slaughtering in semiautomatic poultry abattoir in Khartoum State. Forty five swab samples were collected randomly from chicken carcasses and worker’s hands. The samples were taken after following processing steps: defeathering, evisceration, spray wash, chilling and from workers hands. Total Viable Count (TVC) of contaminating bacteria was done besides isolation and identification of bacteria. The results revealed that there was statistically significant difference in the TVC after defeathering (p? 0.05). The highest contamination level was recorded after evisceration on the legs, 8.16±0.11 log10 CFU/cm2, back, 8.68±0.25 log10 CFU/cm2 and the breast, 9.18±0.13 log10 CFU/cm2. The contaminating bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. High levels of microbial contamination can be carried by bad evisceration and poor hygienic managements, but better facilities and processing units with better hygiene make broiler meat have a concern for suppliers, consumers and public health officials. article

Common Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Broiler Chicken Farms in Khartoum State

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Common Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Broiler Chicken Farms in Khartoum State Mohamed , M. N.; Shuaib , Y. A.; Suliman , Siham E.; Abdalla , M. A. One Hundred swab samples were collected from modern broiler chicken farms in Khartoum State to investigate possible sources of bacterial contamination before slaughtering. These samples were taken from litter, chicken transport boxes and rinse water coops, cloaca, feathers and breast supports. The study revealed statistical significant difference (P< 0.05) between these points after conduction of total viable count (TVC). The isolated and identified bacteria in different points were Escherichia coli (41.66%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.33%), Staphylococcus albus (16.66%) and Salmonella species (8.33%). The level of microbial contamination in broiler chicken farms may reflect the hygienic status of poultry meat article