Prevalence and Risk Factors of Paramphistomiasis in White Nile state, Sudan

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 156 cattle in Rabak, White Nile State, Sudan, during the period from marsh to June 2013. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of paramphistomiasis in cattle and to investigate potential risk factors associated with the disease. The overall prevalence of cattle paramphistomiasis in White Nile state (Rabak) was found to be 29.5% when tested by fecal sedimentation test and 53.2 % 9 when tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. In the current study, univariate analysis using the Chi- square, with a confidence interval of 95% at a p-value of ≤0.25 was used to identify potential risk factors associated with fecal sedimentation test-positivity for paramphistomiasis infection in cattle. Significant risk factors associated with fecal sedimentation positive in the univariate analysis were found to be breed (X2 = 4.437, p = 0.035), body condition (X2 = 6.918, p = 0.009), grazing type (X2 =6.367 , p = 0.012), snail presence (X2 =10.6 , p = 0.001), water bodies (X2 = 2.934, p = 0.231), knowledge of owner about disease (X2 = 1.656, p = 0.198), manure disposal (X2 = 3.508, p = 0.06), and other disease (X2 = 4.468, p = 0.035). Significant risk factors associated with being ELISA positive in the univariate analysis were found to be sex (X2 = 2.725, p = 0.112), water source(X2 = 5.166, p = 0.076),vegetation(X2 = .428, p = 0.064), manure disposal (X2 = 4.646, p = 0.031), shitiosoma (X2 = 1.782, p = 0.182),and Other diseases (X2 = 2.311, p = 0.128). The multivariate analysis, using logistic regression, with a confidence interval of 95% and a p- value of ≤0.05 was used to assess the association between identified significant risk factors in the univariate analysis in combination towards a positive fecal sedimentation test status for paramphistomiasis in cattle. The analysis showed an association between being fecal sedimentation test positive status for paramphistomiasis infection 10 in cattle and breed( Exp (B) = .565, p = 0.035), body condition ( Exp (B) = .1.5, p = 0.009),), grazing type ( Exp (B) = 2.07, p = 0.012), snail presence ( Exp (B) = .092, p = 0.001), and other disease ( Exp (B) = 2.17, p = 0.035), For ELISA, the analysis showed an association between being ELISA positive status for paramphistomiasis infection in cattle and cattle drink from river ( Exp (B) = .1.365, p =0.023 ),, and manure disposal. ( Exp (B) = .477 , p = 0.031 ). 11