Evaluation of Common Carotid Arteries Changes in Sudanese Smokers Using Medical Ultrasound B-Mode and Doppler

Abstract

v Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Sudan University of Science and Technology in fulfilment of requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Evaluation of Common Carotid Arteries Changes in Sudanese Smokers using medical ultrasound (B-Mode and Doppler) By Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud Alhassen July 2010 Abstract The findings of this research which is about diagnostic ultrasound evaluation of common carotid arteries changes in Sudanese smoker groups, has been obtained out of the correlation of smoking status (1-4, 5-9 and ≥10 cigarettes per day) versus the Intima media thickness (IMT), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) among the former and current smoking groups in addition to the effect of IMT in the PSV, EDV, RI and PI for the former and current smoking groups and the effects of smoking groups in IMT, PSV, EDV, RI and PI. Specifically could be synopsis as: The smoking status effectively increases the IML, specifically and respectively in current and former smokers as from 0.09 and 0.08 cm among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 0.095 and 0.09 cm among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 0.11 and 0.10 cm among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the left common carotid artey (Lt CCA) and from 0.08 and 0.08 cm among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 0.09 and 0.084 cm among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 0.10 and 0.09 cm among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the right common carotid artery (Rt CCA). The increment of the IMT for the Lt CCA is usually greater than the right one with a value of 0.01cm among currentvi smokers and 0.01 cm among former smokers. Also it increases the PSV from 115.84 and 114.52 cm/sec among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 117.26 and 115.71 cm/sec among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 118.23 and 117.08 cm/sec among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Lt CCA and from 102.41 and 101.01 cm/sec among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 104.18 and 103.15 cm/sec among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 106.39 and 104.98 cm/sec among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Rt CCA, specifically and respectively in current and former smokers. The increment of PSV for the Lt CCA is usually greater than the right one with a value of 12.57 cm/sec among current smokers and 12.72 cm/sec among former smokers. While it decreases the EDV from 18.01 and 18.10 cm/sec among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 15.20 and 16.90 cm/sec among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 10.57 and 16.24 cm/sec among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Lt CCA and from 17.10 and 17.80 cm/sec among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 13.05 and 16.36 cm/sec among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 8.36 and 15.06 cm/sec among those who smoked ≥ 10 cigarettes/day for the Rt CCA, specifically and respectively in current and former smokers. The increment of EDV for the Lt CCA is usually greater than the right one with a value of 1.76 cm/sec among current smokers and 0.67 cm/sec among former smokers. The smoking status increases the RI from 0.74 and 0.72 among those who smoked 1- 4 cigarettes/day to 0.78 and 0.75 among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 0.81 and 0.78 among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Lt CCA and from 0.71 and 0.70 among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 0.75 and 0.73 among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 0.77 and 0.76 among those who smokedvii ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Rt CCA, specifically and respectively in current and former smokers. The increment of RI for the Lt CCA is usually greater than the right one with a value of 0.03 among current smokers and 0.02 among former smokers. And it is also increases the PI from 1.22 and 1.18 among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 1.30 and 1.22 among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 1.37 and 1.26 among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Lt CCA and from 1.18 and 1.15 among those who smoked 1-4 cigarettes/day to 1.21 and 1.19 among those who smoked 5-9 cigarettes/day up to 1.25 and 1.22 among those who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the Rt CCA, specifically and respectively in current and former smokers. The increment of PI for the Lt CCA is usually greater than the right one with a value of 0.08 among current smokers and 0.03 among former smokers. The IML increases the PSV from115.84 cm/sec up to 118.23 cm/sec when the IMT increases from 0.09 cm to 0.11 cm respectively for Lt CCA and from 102.41 cm/sec up to 106.39 cm/sec when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among current smokers. And also it increases the PSV from 114.52 cm/sec up to 117.08 cm/sec when the IML increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Lt CCA and from 101.01 cm/sec up to 104.98 cm/sec when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.09 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among former smokers. While it decreases the EDV from 18.01 cm/sec up to 10.57 cm/sec when the IMT increases from 0.09 cm to 0.11 cm respectively for Lt CCA and from 17.10 cm/sec up to 8.36 cm/sec when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among current smokers. And also it decreases the EDV from 18.10 cm/sec up to 16.24 cm/sec when the IML increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Lt CCA and from 17.80 cm/sec up to 15.06 cm/sec when theviii IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.09 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among former smokers. The IML increases the RI from 0.74 up to 0.81 when the IMT increases from 0.09 cm to 0.11 cm respectively for Lt CCA and from 0.71 up to 0.77 when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among current smokers. And also it increases the RI from 0.72 up to 0.78 when the IML increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Lt CCA and from 0.70 up to 0.76 when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.09 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among former smokers. And also it increases the PI from 1.22 up to 1.37 when the IMT increases from 0.09 cm to 0.11 cm respectively for Lt CCA and from 1.18 up to 1.25 when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among current smokers. And also it increases the PI from 1.18 up to 1.26 when the IML increases from 0.08 cm to 0.10 cm respectively for the Lt CCA and from 1.15 up to 1.22 when the IMT increases from 0.08 cm to 0.09 cm respectively for the Rt CCA among former smokers. The influence of smoking groups increasing the IML from 0.07 cm among non smoker to 0.10 cm among former smokers up to 0.11 cm in mean, among current smokers for the Lt CCA and from 0.06 cm among non smoker to 0.09 cm among former smokers up to 0.10 cm in mean, among current smokers for the Rt CCA. Also it increases the PSV from 110.2 cm/sec among non smoker to 114.51 cm/sec among former smokers up to 116.44 cm/sec in mean, among current smokers for the Lt CCA and from 98.04 cm/sec among non smoker to 101.2 cm/sec among former smokers up to 102.88 cm/sec in mean, among current smokers for the Rt CCA. While it decreases the EDV from 19.09 cm/sec among non smoker to 18.04 cm/sec among former smokers up to 16.25 cm/sec in mean, among current smokers for theix Lt CCA and from 19 cm/sec among non smoker to 17.63 cm/sec among former smokers up to 16.07 cm/sec in mean, among current smokers for the Rt CCA. The smoking groups increase the RI from 0.74 among non smoker to 0.78 among former smokers up to 0.85 in mean, among current smokers for the Lt CCA and from 0.71 among non smoker to 0.76 among former smokers up to 0.80 in mean, among current smokers for the Rt CCA. And also it increases the PI from 1.21 among non smoker to 1.32 among former smokers up to 1.40 in mean, among current smokers for the Lt CCA and from 1.19 among non smoker to 1.25 among former smokers up to 1.30 in mean, among current smokers for the Rt CCA.