https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/1294 2026-08-26T14:58:41Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28494 Development of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Model for Multi-Technology Mobile Networks using Optimal Weighted Antenna Angle Mohammed, Mohammed Suleiman Elbasheir; Supervisor, Rashid Abdelhaleem Saeed; Co-Supervisor, Salaheldin Mohamed Ibrahim Edam Mobile networks are expanding quickly as a result of development in wireless technologies, especially with the recent introduction of the Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR). The growth in mobile networks requires the installation of massive number of base stations (BSs) that bring concerns about increasing overall electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published guidelines that have been adopted by many regulators in many countries to control the overall radiation from EMF transmitters. This research started with comprehensive review for recent works focused on BS EMF radiation assessment for BSs from different perspectives including review for standard limits. An enhanced formula is developed and proposed to accurately calculate the compliance distance (CD) considering more factors such as power reduction factor and system load. In situ measurements are conducted to validate the formula. The results show that CD has shorter distances when the power factor is considered. Also, the study investigated the compliance distance of shared sites by a group of Mobile Network Operators (MNO). The results shows that, compared with a single MNO, the CD increased by 41% in the case of two MNOs, 73% for three MNOs, and 100% for four MNOs. Additionally, sharing scale-up formula is driven and proposed to estimate the increase in CDs for N number of MNOs assuming that all MNOs use the same site configuration. Finally, a design model is developed and proposed to de-concentrate and reduce the total exposure ration (TER) from sectorized antennas of the multi-technology BS with no drawbacks on site coverage level and capacity. The model applies the concept of weighted antenna’s azimuth to spread the total exposure among the horizontal direction. A set of simulations and field measurements were done in a life network to validate the proposed solution. The pre-and-post results show the TER and CD are reduced after applying the proposed model. Overall, the system records show no significant impacts were observed on site’s coverage level and capacity. 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28493 An Optimized Energy-Aware Stable Election Protocol for Heterogeneous Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) Networks Mohamed, Elmustafa Sayed Ali Ahmed Internet of Underwater of Things (IoUT) networks offer real-time monitoring and data collection capabilities in marine environments for many application. However, the unique challenges of underwater acoustic communication and energy constraints requires a development of intelligent, adaptive and energy-efficient protocols. The thesis addresses these energy challenges particularly in IoUT heterogeneous networks by proposes an energy-aware clustering protocol to optimizing the cluster heads (CH) management and inter-cluster route decision based on Stable election protocol (SEP) computations. Two approaches are proposed, the first is hybrid Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Q-learning (QL) based energy-aware Stable Election Protocol (ABCQL-EASE) and its improved version as an energy-aware and Quality of Service (QoS) driven by Underwater Vehicles (UVs) relaying integrated Stable Election Protocol (EQURI-SE). The ABCQL-EASE presents intelligence approach that combines the ABC algorithms with the adaptive decision-making by QL and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. This integration enables the dynamic CHs management based on underwater nodes (UNs) status. The protocol continuously learns from network observations, balancing exploration and exploitation to avoid premature convergence and extend network lifetime. Building upon this foundation, EQURI-SE further enhances energy efficiency by incorporating UVs as mobile relays between CHs. To improve the selection of UVs, a comprehensive framework proposed which integrates Neural Network (NN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) with MCDM to evaluate UV candidates based on energy, depth, distance and signal quality. A dynamic cooldown mechanism ensures fair usage of UV relaying and prevents overuse of any single UV, thereby extending relay availability and system lifetime. Results show that, ABCQL-EASE reduces the energy consumption and dead UNs approximate between 30% and 61% compared to the baseline and benchmark studies. The EQURI-SE achieves a significant reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional protocols, substantially contributing to extending network lifetime while maintaining high throughput and achieving superior network efficiency. Compared to ABCQL-EASE, the EQURI-SE reduces energy consumption by up to 48%. Both ABCQL-EASE and EQURI-SE provides higher network efficiency compared to baseline given between 92% and 95%. 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28272 Enhancement of Heat Transfer Using Perforated Pin Fin AL-Jumaily, Mohanad Hatem Fezea; Supervisor, -Hassan Abdellatif Osman; Co-Supervisor, -Wadhah Hussein AL Dori Today is very important to save our electronics devices by making a new technic to enhance the heat transfer through the pin fin one of the technic is the perforation which mean cut of some material from the body. A base plate of Aluminum thickness of 20mm and (100*100) mm2 as a dimensions and it consider as heat source by putting 3 heaters 80mm length with 10mm diameter 200 watts for each one ,the fins is fixed on the plate like a bolts to ensure open and connect again and the thermocouples are fixed on the fin by small bolts. The model was putted on a duct constructed of aluminum foil with dimensions of (1000*200*200) mm3 and a fan mounted at one operating at speed (0-3m/sec) was used in the tests. To get readings, the working model was fixed within the duct. The number of holes in each test of perforation varies from one to four for each fin and each time readings are tabulated. The results shows that the Nusselt number ,fin efficiency increases with perforation increase, pressure drop and the weight of the device decrease with perforation increase. As a result, thermal boundary thickness was reduced, it will be decreasing the pumping power and the device is protected from damage. The processor found in electronic computers and micro-devices that contain processors for processes and activities that take place in industrial, commercial, and even military organizations is the closest approximation to the field of application of the research. Thesis 2023-01-18T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28068 A Reconnaissance Study and a Model for Estimating Real Estate Market Value in Inefficient and Unstable Markets: Real Estate Valuation in Sudan AGEEB, TILAL MOHAMMED AHMED; Supervisor, - AWAD SAAD HASSAN Asset valuation is the backbone of the money lending process, it allows banks and financial institutions to inject money into all sectors of the economy, where the proper valuation processes based on professional standards ensure that banks get back their money in the case of a borrower default and re-inject the money back again into the of the economy. Uncertainty is one of the features of the valuation process. Valuation uncertainty is inversely proportional to the market activity: the more active the market, the more credible the conclusion of the valuation. Currently, the market performance in Sudan could be classified as an unstable market. This study sought to identify the sources of uncertainty in the asset valuation process in Sudan and to compare the local professional practice with internationally adopted standards. This comparison was conducted through inspection and examination of a number of local valuation reports against the fundamental requirement of the International Valuation Standards (IVS 2017). I also conducted a survey questionnaire to measure the public trust in valuation professionals in Sudan. The study recommends that local valuation experts should improve their skills in professional reporting, while authorities should constitute a regulatory body to organize the assets valuation profession and to develop national valuation practice standards or adopt any of the international standards. In this study, a mathematical model was developed based on the construction cost approach to estimate the market value of the real estate in Khartoum city in the case of an unstable and inefficient market. This model is a spreadsheet model. The most valuable feature of the model developed in this study is its ability to save time. The model can be used to generate market value for real estate in significantly less time than the classical manual method. It can be used to calculate quantities of construction materials and workmanship for the category of buildings that the model supports. Also, contractors can depend on the model to estimate contract values, especially in lump sum contracts. Thesis 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z