https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/1282 2026-04-23T19:32:59Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/27887 Effects of Flock age, Length of Storage Period and Frequency of Warming before and during Egg Storage on Hatchability of Layer Breeder Eggs Idriss, Atif AbdELroof Hamza; Supervisor, -Osama ElsheikYassin; Co- Supervisor, -ELfadil Ahmed Adam The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of flock age, length of storage and warming time before and during storage on hatchability of layer breeder eggs. A total of 1620 clean free from abnormalities fertile eggs were randomly selected from 75, 80 and 85wks old layer breeder (540 / age), each group was divided into three treatments (180 each), each treatment was replicated three times (60/replicate) then warmed before storage for 0, 3 and 6 hrs at 37.5°C and 53% RH, each replicate was furthered subdivided into three subgroup (20/ each) and stored for 4, 9 and 14 days at 18°C and 75% RH. Thereafter, half of the stored eggs (810) were warmed daily during storage for 0, 1 and 2hrs at 37.5°C and 53% RH. All eggs were weighed before the commencement of the experiment and when transfer to the Hatcher for the calculation of egg weight loss. After 4, 9 and 14 days of storage eggs were set in a setter at 37.5°C and 53% RH. At day 18 of incubation, hatching eggs were candled and infertile eggs were removed and opened to determine macroscopically infertile or stage of embryonic mortality to calculate true fertility. After candling, hatching eggs with living embryos were transferred to the hatchery baskets and placed in Hatcher cabinets in which the temperature and relative humidity were adjusted at 36.6°C and 75% RH. At the end of hatching process, hatched chicks were counted and weighed, hatchability on total and on fertile were calculated, unhatched eggs and pipped chicks were removed and opened to determine the stages of embryonic mortality, egg weight loss and chick yield were calculated and classified as first or second grade chicks based on their external feature. The results revealed that egg weight loss and chick yield were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by warming time, breeders age and storage period. Warming eggs before storage for six hours then stored for fourteen days had higher egg weight loss 13.33% and 14.67% when the breeder age 80 or 85weeks old. On the other hand, total weight losses and chick yield were significantly better 11.05 % and 68.12% when the breeders at 75 wks-old. Warming eggs before storage for six hours resulted in a significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the percentages of early 12.72%, mid 3.08% and late dead 4.57% compared to nonwarmed eggs 26.05% ,4.07 and 8.40 or eggs warmed for three hours 18.27% 2.84% and 6.05% , Early. Eggs stored for 14 days had significantly (P≤0.05) higher early dead 27.53%, mid dead 3.95% and late dead 6.79% compared to those stored for 4 and 9 days( 11.48%, 2.84%, 6.17%) (18.03%, 3.21%, 6.05%) respectively. On the Other hand, early 15.80%, 18.27%, 22.96%, mid 2.71%, 3.08%, 4.20% and late 4.81%, 5.19%, 9.01% embryonic mortality increased when the breeder age increased. Hatchability on total and on fertile were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by warming time before storage ,higher hatchability were recorded when the eggs warmed for 6 hrs (47.16%) and stored for 4 days(47.07%), meanwhile, hatchability on total and on fertile were decreased when the breeder age and storage period increased(50.87%,68.87%)(40.25%,59.67%)(25.18%,41.07%)(47.04%,6 9.43%)(40.25%, 58.72%) and (29.01%, 41.46%) respectively. Warming eggs before storage for 6 hrs significantly (P≤0.05) increase the (%) of first grade chicks (95.88%) and decrease the second grade (4.12%) compared to those warmed for 0.0 (67.4%)(32.55%) or 3hrs (90.84%)(9.16%).On the other hand, first grade chicks (%) were decreased when the flock age and storage period increased 75 , 80 to 85 wks old (91.14%, 86.52%, 76.51%), 4 , 9 and 14 days (90.52%,90.21%,73.45%). Egg weight loss significantly increased when warming time during storage (13.9%, 14.73%, 15.51 %), flock age (12.1% 15.59, 16.51) and storage period (13.65, 14.28%, 16.27%) increased. The best chick yield (66.82% and ,%68.12( first grade chicks (95.10%))%91.33( )%90.72( , hatchability on total and on fertile (49.88% and 67.58%) were obtained when the eggs were warmed for 1 hr and the flock age was 75wks. In conclusion, pre-storage warming of breeder's eggs for 6 hours or daily warming during storage for 1hr at 37.5°C and 53% RH and store for 4 days at 18ºC and 75%RH can be used by the poultry industry as a tool to improve hatchability results of late breeder eggs. Thesis 2022-08-22T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/27658 Effect of Poultry Breed and Management onEgg CharacteristicsandIgYProduction and its Effecton Bacterial Growth and Broiler Performance Ali, Abd Elmohsin Elshiehk Mohamed; Supervisor, -Mohamed Tag Eldin Ibrahim; Co- Supervisor, -Elfadel Ahmed Adam Three experiments were conducted in this study. Experiment one aimed to study the effect of poultry breed(Hisex, Sudanese Baladi) and management system (Semi closed and Traditional) on some external and internal egg characteristics.Thestudiedexternal and internal egg characteristics are (egg weight, egg volume, surface area, shell weight, shell thickness, shell index and specific gravity)and (albumen height, albumen weight, Haugh unit, yolk weight, yolk volume and yolk-albumen (%)) respectively.A total of 204 eggs were collected from Hisex birds which are kept under semi closed and traditional system and from Sudanese Baladi raised under traditional system (68 eggs each).Surface area, shell weightand specific gravity were affected by both breed and management system. While egg weight, egg volume and shell thickness were significantly affect by breed, on the other hand shell index was only affected by management system.Internal egg characteristics(albumen height, albumen weight, Haugh unit, yolk weight, and yolk- albumen %) were significantly affected by breed and management system.Yolk volume was significantly affected by breed.Generally the Hisex breed showed higher values of theexternal and internal egg characteristic compared to Sudanese Baladi. The external egg characteristics of the eggs produced under semi closed system showed higher values compared to those raised under traditional system. On the contrary the internal egg characteristics of the birds raised under semi closed system showed lower values compared to those raised under tradition al system. Experiment two aimed to study the effect of poultry breed and management system on the production of immunoglobulin yolk (IgY) and it’s antibacterial effect. In the present study, a total of 24 eggs were collected fromHisex birds which are kept under semi closed and traditional system and from Sudanese Baladi raised under traditional system (8 eggs each).The IgYwas separated from egg yolk byusing modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method.The effect of IgYon three bacterial spp. (E. coli, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas) was studied. The results revealed that, the breed had significant effect on egg weight, yolk volume, IgY concentrate (mg/g-egg) and (mg/ml-yolk), on the other hand the management systemhad significanteffect on egg weight and (IgY) concentrate (mg/g-egg).Generally, the growth of all bacterial spp. studied (E. coli, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas) was inhibited irrespective of the breed and management system.Experiment three was conducted to study the effect of feeding different levels of egg yolk powder (0.0, 0.2 and 0.4%)on broiler performance. Ninety chicks (Ross) were randomly distributed into 15 replicate (5/treatment) of 6 chicks each.The result showed a significant effect of feeding different levels egg yolk powder on broiler chicken performance during the starter period (feed intake, body weight, weight gain and feed conversion rate).While during the finisher period a significant effect was only obtained in feed intake and feed conversion rate. Birds fed higher levels of egg yolk powdershowed higher performance. Thesis 2022-03-26T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/27378 Evaluation of Growth, Yield, Nutritive Value and Antibacterial Activity of Clitoria ternatea Forage Hamza, Wesal Abbas Eltaib; Supervisor, -Intisar Yousif Hassan Turki; Co- Supervisor, -Yassin Mohmed Ibrahim Dagash This study included three trials on Clitoria ternatea; namely: foddertrial, feeding trial and antibacterial activity trial. First trial (fodder trial): This trial was conducted at the demonstration farm, College of the Agricultural Studies (Shambat), Sudan University of Science and Technology, during the period: 25/11/2018- 30/06/2019; to evaluate growth, yield and chemical composition of Clitoria ternatea forage as affected by poultry manure and eggshell fertilizers. The trial was carried out in randomized complete block design of four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of: T1: no soil fertilizer used, T2: 5000kg/ha poultry manure, T3: 4600 kg/ha poultry manure+ 400kg /ha eggshell, and T4: 4200 kg/ha poultry manure +800kg/ha, eggshell. Plant height (cm), stem diameter(cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf/ stem ratio, fresh and dry yield (tons/ha) were measured.Samples of C. ternatea (leaves and stems) were taken over three harvests to analyze of chemical composition by using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The results showed that the poultry manure with eggshell at 4200 kg/ha poultry manure +800kg/ha eggshellwas more effective in increasing plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf/ stem ratioand shoot yield of C. ternatea, than control and poultry manure alone. While the above mentioned fertilizers had a little effect on leaves and stems chemical composition. Second trial (feeding trial):The study was conducted at research farm, KUKU Campus, Sudan University of Science and Technology; during the period 16/10/2019- 2/1/2020; to evaluate the effect of feeding C. ternateahay versus alfalfa hay on growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs. Twenty four (24) lambs (male) of Sudanese desert sheep were used, with average weight 18.82 kg and 4 months old. All lambs were treated with the necessary medication, ear tagged, weighed and divided randomly intofour groups (six lambs of each group). The feed was provided adlibitum in the form of total diet; withhay: concentrate ratio of 40:60.Group(A), hay composed of 100% clitoriahay; group (B), hay composed of50% clitoriahay+50% alfalfa hay; group (C), hay composed of 75% clitoriahay+25% alfalfa hay. While for group (D)hay composed of 100% alfalfa hay. The total length of trial period was 77 days (14 days adaptation period and the 63 day for data collection). The results showed that the daily dry matter intake was (1.06±0.10), (1.10±0.15), (1.12±0.06) and (1.08±0.08) kg for groups A, B, C and D, respectively; and the difference was not significant. Daily weight gain was highest for group B (236.1±12.20 g) and lowest for group D (177.5±6.54 g), and the difference was highly significant (P≤0.01). Also FCR was best for group B (4.70±0.60) and lower for group D (6.10±0.49) (DM intake (kg) ÷ weight gain (kg), and the difference was highly significant (P≤0.01). The carcass yield was highest in group B (p≤0.01); while the highest dressing percentage was recorded by group A.Meat chemical composition had no significant differences between groups. Third trial (antibacterial activity trial): This trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of methanol extracts of C. ternatea leaves against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactia)and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi).The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. The results showed a highly significant difference at (p≤0.01) between different tested bacteria in zones of inhibition by agar well diffusion method.Thehighest range of inhibition zone was recorded by Staphylococcus (2.63±0.78cm) and the lowest was recorded by Salmonella typhi (1.27±0.25cm).The result showed that the disc method had a highly significant difference at (p≤0.01), between different tested bacteria in zones of inhibition, in the first (10-1) and second (10-2) dilutions. Staphylococcus aureus recorded the highest range of inhibition zones (0.90± 0.1cm) and (0.05±0.01cm) inthe first (10-1) and second (10-2) dilutions, respectively. While the results showed no inhibition zones for all tested bacteria inthe third and fourth dilutions Thesis 2021-10-24T00:00:00Z https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/26991 Effects of Some Different Water Resources and Their Characteristics on the Body Weight Composition and Meat Values of Nile Tilapia in Sudan Ahmed, Fouzi Ali Mohamed; Supervisor, -Fathia Abdel Hamid Khogali; Co-Supervisor, -Assad Hassan Widaa The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of using the three major different water sources (Jebel Aulia, Sennar and Merowe reservoirs dams) upstream and downstream .Three fish collection sites were designated: as the first site included two collection stations along the White Nile River. The second site included two collection stations that had their water supply along the Blue Nile River. The third site included two collection stations along the River Nile main stream. Water samples were taken randomly from each station regularly every month for one-year (2015) sampling period and testing using water kids aqua zol. Samples of fish were taken also for measuring body weight composition, proximate analysis of fish muscles and carcass, amino acids, fatty acids profiles and heavy metals of water samples and fish meat samples. Statistical analysis were performed using One – way of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple Range Test, to determine the differences between treatments means at significance rate of P < 0.05. The standard deviation of treatment means will be also estimated. All statistics were carried out using Statistical Analysis program (SPSS, 19).The results showed in tables 1.2 and 3 indicate that, there was significant difference at p ≤0.5 level for pH in all conditions both upstream and downstream, while there were a significant different in the three localities between Dissolved Oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, alkalinity and phosphorus both upstream and downstream between the three season. D.O is higher in Sennar dam and lower in Jebel Aullia, while alkalinity is higher in Merowe and lower in Jebel Aullia, on the other hand hardness is higher in Merowe and lower in Sennar dam, phosphorus is higher in Jebel Aullia and lower in Merowe downstream in all seasons.. There were a significant difference between moisture in Jebel Aulia downstream (77.00±0.89) is higher than others areas, Sennar and Merowe both upstream and downstream. v Furthermore, dry matter and Crude protein in upstream Merowe dam is very higher (28.66±1.96 and 32.77±0.37) than others areas meant there were significance difference within groups. While, no significant differences were found between ash and Esther extract in all localities areas and within groups. The mean score for Nitrogen free extract were higher Jebel Aulia upstream (36.81±2.81), downstream for Sennar dam and Merowe dam (36.88±2.07 and 36.40±1.63) respectively. The results, as shown in Tables 10,11 and 12 indicate that, there no significant differences were found between Arginine in upstream for all localities, while there were significant difference between Arginine in downstream. There were significant differences between Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine and Methionine in Jebel Aulia both upstream and downstream. There were significance difference found between, Phenylalnine, Tyrosine and Valine in Jebel Aulia while, no significance difference for others localities.The results, as shown in Tables 16,17 and 18 and figures 16,17 and 18 indicate that, there were a significant difference between Pb of O.niloticus, in Jebel Aulia dam, Sennar dam and Merowe dam, and also within groups upstream and downstream, this mean the result is significant at the p = 0.05 level. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between Cd, Cu and Zn in all localities dams and within groups. The results, as shown in Tables 19, 20 and 21 and figures 19, 20 and 21 indicate that, there were a significant difference between Pb, Cd and Zn in water samples, in Jebel Aulia dam Sennar dam and Merowe dam, but there were no significance difference in Zn upstream and downstream during all seasons. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between Cd, Cu and Zn in all localities dams and within groups. Thesis 2021-03-20T00:00:00Z