Assessment of Salivary Urate, Superoxide Dismutase, and Related Trace Elements [Copper and Zinc] in Sudanese Tobacco Users in Khartoum State

Abstract

Tobacco using is known as one of the most important risk factor for the oral diseases such as oral cancer and keratoses. Antioxidants prevent diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease, one such class of protective enzymes is the superoxide dismutase.Uric acid is by far the highest concentration antioxidant in human blood. Zinc and copper is trace element work as cofactor for nearly 300 enzymes in different species. This study was done to assess the salivary urate, superoxide dismutase, and related trace elements (copper and zinc) in Sudanese Tobacco users by compare them with control group. Also to correlate the salivary superoxide dismutase, uric acid, copper, and zinc level with number of using Toombak per day and duration of using Toombak. Material and Methods: This is case control study. The study was conducted from February to May 2016, fifty samples from saliva of non-tobacco users (Toombak) chosen randomly as control and fifty samples from saliva of tobacco users as test group. All samples were tested for superoxide dismutase activity using Fortress diagnostic reagent by spectrophotometer analyzer, uric acid level using biosystem diagnostic reagent by spectrophotometer analyzer, and copper, zinc level using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and results were analyzed using statistical of package social science [SPSS] Results: The study result showed that the level of superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased in Toombak users compared with non-Toombak users control group [mean ± SD: 2.16 ± 0.76 versus 4.96 ± 2.21, P = 0.02], uric acid level and copper showed insignificant result, uric acid level[mean ± SD: 1.44 ± 0.89 versus 2.36 ± 1.33, P = 0.15], copper level [mean ± SD: 1.07 ± 1.02 versus 1.47 ± 0.97, P = 0.1] and zinc level showed significant increase in Toombak users compared with non-Toombak users [mean ± SD: 0.15 ± 0.04 versus 0.23 ± 0.15, P = 0.00] In Toombak users groups, the study showed that the superoxide dismutase [r = -0.40, P = 0.00], and uric acid[r = 0.02, P = -0.33] have a negative weak correlation with number of Toombak using per day and no correlation between the level of copper [r = -0.17, P = 0.25] and zinc [r = -0.03, P = 0.82] with a number of Toombak using per day. Also the study showed that the superoxide dismutase has a negative weak correlation with the duration of Toombak using per years [r = -0.35, P = 0.01]. Uric acid [r = -0.14, P = 0.33], copper [r = 0.13, P = 0.38], and zinc[r = -0.03, P = 0.82] have no correlation with duration of Toombak using per years. Conclusion: From the result of this study, it is concluded that superoxide dismutase was decreased and zinc increased in Toombak users group. There are a weak correlation between superoxide dismutase and uric acid with a number of using Toombak per day. Also the superoxide dismutase has a correlation with duration of using Toombak per years.