Evaluation of Microalbuminuria among Sudanese Adults Smokers with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Smoking has become a major health problem in the world and it leads to many diseases such as heart disease, cancers and renal diseases, also in the Sudan too, Sudanese peoples started smoking earlier in their life which may exaggerate the complication especially in type-2 DM. accordingly a cross-sectional study conducted to evaluate Microalbuminuria (MAU) and microalbumin/creatinine ratio (MCR) among habitual adult-smokers with/without type 2 DM. Two hundreds classified as (50 nonsmokers, 50 smokers, 50 DM nonsmokers and 50 DM smokers), urine samples (spot urine samples) were collected and analyzed for microalbumin by fluorescence immunoassay and creatinine by Jaffe method and one hundred blood sample for HbA1c by Nycocard device which was used to differentiate controlled from uncontrolled diabetic patients. The results showed a significant increase in the MAU and MCR in smoker subjects versus non-smokers with P-values (0.000 and 0.018) respectively. Also a significant increase in the MAU and MCR in DM smokers versus DM nonsmokers with P values (0.000 and 0.002) respectively. DM smokers showed significantly higher in both MAU and MCR when compared with healthy smokers. The results conclude that, smoking cigarettes significantly increase MAU and MCR in healthy and DM patients. DM is more affected by smoking than healthy individual, as MAU and MCR are markers for early detection of nephropathy also can be useful predictor markers in smokers and DM smokers.