Masters Dissertations : Veterinary Medicine
https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/1311
2024-03-28T13:40:16ZEchinococcus Granulosus of Camel Origin: Experimental Infection and Immunodiagnosis in Dogs
https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28378
Echinococcus Granulosus of Camel Origin: Experimental Infection and Immunodiagnosis in Dogs
Elhassan, Noha Abbas Ibrahim; Supervisor, -Osman Mukhtar Osman; Co-Supervisor, -Inas Ahmed El tayb
The present study was designed to experimentally study the development and infectivity of Echinococcus granulosus of camel origin in the definitive host the dog in the area of Tambool, Butana Province, Sudan. Also to evaluate the potentiality of immunological technique,Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of echinococcosis in the definitive host.
The development of E granulosus of camel origin was studied in seven dogs experimentally infected with protoscolices originating from hydatid cysts isolated from camels (Camelusdromedarius). Dogs were necropsized 15, 21, 28, and 35 days post-infection (p.i.); all dogs had a low worm burden (12-37 worms). At day 35 p.i., majority of the parasites had developed three segments, while the embryophore of egg was not detected and the oncosphere was not completed.
The results of post mortem examination for sixteen dogs shot by the police in Tambool town, showed that 5 dogs were found harboring E. granulosus adult worms. From these dogs, 8 were found infected with Taenia hydatigena. Mixed- infection with E. granulosus and T. hydatigena was observed in only one dog.
When tested by ELISA out of these 16 Sera, 7 were found positive. Four out of five dogs which were positive at postmortem were positive at ELISA test. Only one dog which was found positive at postmortem was found negative by ELISA. Two dogs negative for E. granulosus and positive for T. hydatigena were found positive by ELISA test. One dog negative at postmortem for both, E. granulosus and T. hydatigena was positive of ELISA.
Sera collected from dogs experimentally infected with E. granulosus were negative for ELISA until the last week of the experiment (35 days post infection). Although the readings of sera from experimentally infected dogs were below the cutoff point, we have observed that the antibody titre of the samples was slightly increasing during experiment.
The results suggested that the use of ELISA in the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis could be used successfully in epidemiological surveys of echinococcosis in Sudan.
The detection of E. granulosus in dogs at Tambool area was found 25% (5 out of 20 dogs were found harboring adult worms at postmortem). The high prevalence reported in dogs is an indication of hazard to human in this area.
A mass dog eradication programme with a mass drug treatment programme of house dogs, coordinated with an educational campaign, could be effective to control the disease if implemented in this area.
Thesis
2022-03-19T00:00:00ZAntimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Farms in Khartoum State, Sudan
https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28362
Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Farms in Khartoum State, Sudan
Omer, Sabah Ebead Mohammed; Supervisor, -Sumaia Awad Elkariem Ali Mohammed
Antibacterial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a One Health Challenge. In the present study the prevalence of isolated and resistant bacteria to detect antibacterial in dairy farms in Khartoum State was investigated.
A cross sectional study was conducted in dairy farms in Khartoum State between March and November 2019. Samples from workers’ hands, workers’shoes, animal milk and feces were collected from 160 dairy farms in seven sub- localities namely: Jabalawlia, Bahri, Umbada, Karari, Khartoum, Umdurman, Sharg-Alnile in Khartoum State. The collected samples were cultured, purified and identified using standard bacteriological methods including primary and secondary biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done for the bacterial isolates using disc diffusion method.
Of 160 samples, 172 isolates that belong to 9 genera were identified. Of these, the most prevalent genus was Staphylococcus (n = 92; 53.5%), particularly in the hands (n = 28; 30.4%) and shoes (n = 27; 29.3 %). Followed by Enterobacteria (n = 32; 18.6%) particularly in the feces (n = 12; 37.5) and shoes (n = 11; 34.4%). However, Staphylococcus isolates were the most prevalent organism in milk samples (51.3%) compared to other isolates.
In sensitivity test, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective drugs for most of Gram positive isolates (n = 123; 100%), followed by Bacitracin (n = 116; 94.3%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to Vancomycin (n = 76; 61.8%).
In Gram negative bacteria Enrofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective drug for all isolates (n = 49; 100%), followed by Colistin, Tetracycline and Gentamicin (n = 44; 89.8%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to Ceftazidime (n = 20; 40.8%).
Moreover, Corynebacterium bacteria displayed multi-drug resistance (100%) for 3 drugs (Vancomycin, Penicillin, and Bacitracin) Bacillus spp showed resistance (100%) for 2 drugs (Amoxicillin and Vancomycin) and Micrococcus spp resistant (85.7%) for vancomycin and (71.4%) for Pencillin.
In Gram negative bacteria Acintobacter showed resistance (100%) to 2 drugs namely Ceftazidime and Imipenem.
In conclusion, the most prevalent bacteria in dairy farms in Khartoum State was Staphylococcus especially in milk samples. Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin were highly potent antibiotic for most Gram positive isolates. While Enrofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were highly effective antibiotics for Gram negative isolates. Resistance to Vancomycin and Ceftazidime was increased. The multi-drug resistance was identified for various antibiotics especially in Gram positive bacteria such as Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Penicillin and Amoxicillin, while in Gram negative bacteria the multi-drug resistance was observed with Ceftazidime and Imipenem.
Thesis
2021-11-15T00:00:00ZEpidemiological Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Northern Sudan
https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28306
Epidemiological Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Northern Sudan
Ali, Nussiba Hussien Ahmed; Supervisor, -Nussieba Ahmed Osman Elhag; Co-Supervisor, -Yazeed A/Raouf Hussien
The Nile basin north to Khartoum encompasses two administrative States: the Northern and the River Nile States. The area represents a geographical cluster characterized by an exclusive desert and semi-desert ecosystems and low animal density. Northern Sudan is an important corridor cluster between pools of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East and North Africa. It involves almost the whole border area with Egypt; an important trade partner of the country, and represents a considerable part of a projected disease-free zone in Sudan. The study monitored FMD infection between 2016 and 2018 in Northern Sudan. Passive and active surveillance of clinical FMD in cattle were, all, utilized. A total of 184 bovine sera proved to be positive to nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus during the programme ''surveillance of trade sensitive diseases'' in 2016 were examined for antibodies against serotype O, A and SAT2 using virus neutralization test (VNT). These sera had originated from the River Nile (143) and the Northern State (41).
Results largely confirmed previous reports that have described the relatively lower circulation of FMDV in the area than in other parts of the country. Clinical FMD was confirmed once in the three years period. Only serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (O-EA3), like all other Sudanese O viruses, was typed during the study period in 2016 in cattle smuggled to Egypt and in resident cattle. It was closely related to Egyptian and Sudanese isolates of 2017 (phylogenetic identity ≥ 99.4%) rather than the Sudanese viruses that had been detected in the Northern State in 2012. These sequences formed a large temporal cluster that included in addition Israeli, Ethiopian and Palestinian isolates from 2017. Obviously, these sequences, like the sequences in 2012, were of transboundary nature.
Antibodies against the structural proteins (SPs) of the 3 serotypes of FMDV in Sudan; O, A and SAT2, were detected. Consistently, sero-prevalence estimates were statistically significantly higher in the River Nile than in the Northern State. In the River Nile, the 95% C.I. for the estimates were 9.5%-16.4% for serotype O, 11.7%-19.1% for serotype A and 11.0%-18.2% for serotype SAT2. In the Northern State, corresponding estimates were 3.5%-9.3%, 4.3%-10.7% and 1.2%-5.6%. In the River Nile, sero-prevalence estimates were lowest in the most Northern district of Abu Hamad while in the Northern State the Western district of Al Goled proved to be negative (n = 64) for anti-NSPs activity. Results suggested a direction of infection from the South and East to the North and West; South Eastern districts in the River Nile and Eastern districts in the Northern State were showing higher sero-prevalences and were likely crucial points of entry of the infection.
The serological study involved a serial testing approach i.e. sera positive by both test systems, ID Screen® FMD NSPs Competition ELISA and VNT, were considered positive. Sero-prevalence by the ID Screen® FMD NSPs Competition ELISA in the River Nile State was found to be statistically significantly higher (P = 0.000725) than that by the combined VNT (O, A and SAT2) but not in the Northern State (P = 0.106567). Earlier, it was expected that mild exposure (limited virus multiplication) to different serotypes could result in boosting immune response to NSPs but not to SPs and consequent difference in performance between NSPs and SPs serology. Mild exposure to different serotypes was clearly more expected in the River Nile than in the Northern State where very low levels of circulation of FMD virus prevail.
Epidemiological pattern of FMD infection in Northern Sudan as recognized by the study presented the lowest level of circulation of FMD viruses in the country. Concurrently, unlike other parts of Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibody was detected.
It was concluded that low animal density and limited animal movement in Northern Sudan together with the high antibody levels against serotype O in immediately neighbouring States (Khartoum and Kassala) effectively decreased infiltration of endogenous O viruses.
Thesis
2022-04-22T00:00:00ZPathological Study of Bovine Tuberculosis in Sheep, Goats and Cattle Slaughtered at Gadarif Abattoir-Sudan
https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/28259
Pathological Study of Bovine Tuberculosis in Sheep, Goats and Cattle Slaughtered at Gadarif Abattoir-Sudan
Bashir, Aladeen Abdalla Fadlla; Supervisor, -Amel Omer Bakhiet
This study was carried out at Eastern Sudan Gadarif state to detect the pathological characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB) lesions in carcasses of small ruminants (sheep and goats) and Cattles. A total of 4560 small ruminant and 4010 Cattle were examined in ante-mortem (afternoon) and postmortem (morning) between June 2017 and December 2018. The animals were brought from different localities of Gadarif State. The general body condition score (BCS) of the animals were observed and looked apparently active and healthy. Postmortem inspection was performed based on the principle of meat inspection, visualization, palpation, and incision. Particular emphasis was given during examination to certain organs and lymph nodes that were carefully inspected for the presence of suspected TB lesions. All lobes of the two lungs and the lymph nodes were inspected externally and palpated for the presence of visible lesions. Moreover, organs such as liver, spleen, kidneys, rumen, and small intestine were examined. Any suspected tuberculous lesions with yellowish appearance, caseous, purulent, caseo-calcareous or calcified in consistency were collected. The results revealed that overall prevalence of granulomatous lesions in small ruminants was 0.22% while 0% in the Cattles. The detected granulomatous lesions were typical caseous necrosis, with a whitish or yellowish color. They were of various sizes and enclosed in light grey fibrous tissue. The inspection in sheep and goats showed that 80% of the lesions were localized mainly in the abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity 20%, however, the predominant organs have tubercles in liver and lungs (55.5%, 16.7%) respectively, followed by mesenteric lymph node, mediastinal lymph node, intestine, kidney.
Thesis
2021-06-29T00:00:00Z