PhD theses : Forestry and Range Sciencehttps://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/12982024-03-28T23:39:43Z2024-03-28T23:39:43ZImpacts of Oil Exploration Activities on Pastoralism in West Kordofan State, SudanRabeeh, Kawthar Rabih SalihSupervisor, -Abdelaziz Karmalla GaiballaCo-Supervisor, -Elkheir Mugadam Salihhttps://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/281792023-02-27T08:35:55Z2022-11-26T00:00:00ZImpacts of Oil Exploration Activities on Pastoralism in West Kordofan State, Sudan
Rabeeh, Kawthar Rabih Salih; Supervisor, -Abdelaziz Karmalla Gaiballa; Co-Supervisor, -Elkheir Mugadam Salih
This study was conducted at Balila area, West Kordofan State, Sudan in (2017 and 2018). The main objective of the study is to investigate the impacts of oil exploration activities on pastoralism in West Kordofan State, Sudan. Three sites within Balila area from Al-Salam were selected; Balila, Elshaq and El-Firdus for the study. The methodology used in the study included botanical measurements for the assessment of rangeland plants, Chemical analysis of ground and surface water and soil in the area. The study included a questionnaire of the population using simple random sampling. Three focus groups were conducted at each of the three sites. This information was used to identify the impacts of oil exploration and production on rangeland plants attributes of the area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data using Excel and SPSS software program. The study showed that the current condition of the rangeland plants attributes of the area is largely affected by the current activities of oil exploration and production. The rangeland plants attributes at Balila area indicated that, plant species percentages were 53.3% in season 2017 and reduced to 25.8% in season 2018. Fourteen species appeared in the rainy seasons of the two seasons 2017 and 2018 respectively (10 annuals and 4 perennials). The herbage biomass production showed 2.045 Ton/ha in 2017.Then it reduced to show 0.7034 Ton/ha in 2018. Water and soil chemical analysis was performed in Sudan Petroleum Corporation (SPCL) laboratories. The soil contains a high amount of (Fe) and Lead (Pb) appeared in the northern part of the area in large quantities. Results revealed that majority of the interviewed inhabitants confirmed adverse effects of oil exploration and production activities on the environment
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and consequently on their livelihoods. Perception of respondents towards these negative impacts confirmed: deforestation (89.9%); contamination of both surface and groundwater (61.9%) and increase in morbidity (99.3%) and mortality (87.8%) among livestock. The study concluded that, the oil exploration and production is bound to bring about the suppression of certain plant species in favor of others. Oil has greatly affected the movement pattern of livestock; exposure of pregnant women to high levels of Lead can lead to miscarriage, premature labor and low birth weight.
Thesis
2022-11-26T00:00:00ZBehavior and ecology of the Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa during the dry season in the Dinder National Park, SudanAhmed, Reem Ahmed HamidSupervisor, - Dawi Musa HamedCo-Supervisor, - Ali Saad Mohamedhttps://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/280232023-01-26T12:51:47Z2022-12-01T00:00:00ZBehavior and ecology of the Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa during the dry season in the Dinder National Park, Sudan
Ahmed, Reem Ahmed Hamid; Supervisor, - Dawi Musa Hamed; Co-Supervisor, - Ali Saad Mohamed
There are few studies of the Defassa waterbuck in the Dinder National Park. This present study is conducted under natural condition in the Dinder National Park in February, March, April and May 2018-2019 to describe the social organization, mating behavior and daily activities of the Defassa waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa (Katambour) in Ras-Amir, Ein-alshamis, Beit-alwahash, Abdel-Gani and Gererisa meadows (Mayas).
Binoculars were used to estimate herd composition of the Defassa waterbuck.
Daily activity of herds, and its courtship behavior was studied for 15 minutes. within each hour intervals from 6 AM to 5:59 PM. Day time was divided into 3 periods (mornings, afternoons and evenings) to assess the variations in their activities within a day.
The results of herd composition revealed the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable (herd composition) which showed a very high significant differences (P≤ 0.000). The Defassa waterbuck was found in Ras Amir, Ein-alshims, Abdel-gani and Grersia but not in Beit-alwahash during the years 2018 and 2019.
The Defassa waterbuck generally forms social or feeding aggregations. Solitary male was seen 3 times, one in Ras-Amir meadow, one in Abdel-Gani meadow and the third one was observed in Idres Abdelabdelagi road. Lonely
female with a single very young (about one week of age) was seen in February 2018 at Abdel-Gani meadow. Bachelor herd of about 21 adult males and females was observed in Ras-Amir meadow in March 2018. Nursery herd was existed commonly in Abdel-Gani and Ein-alshamis meadows. During this study 3 predation was recorded, one female in Ein-alshamis, one male in Abdel-Gani and the third one near Ras-Amir meadow.
The males courtship that occurs most during the hours of the day is O (M = 0.270, SD = 0.891), SL (M = 0.172, SD= 0.536), V (M = 0.161, SD = 0.568), FS (M = 0.151, SD= 0.489), C (M = 0.1228, SD= 0.392), RH (M = 0.112, SD = 0.577), CH (M = 0.108, SD= 0.328), G (M = 0.0966, SD= 0.335), F (M= 0.045, SD= 0.2437), M (M = 0.010, SD= 0.101) and finally D (M = 0.0103, SD= 0.101).
The activity of female during courtship that occurs most of the hours of the day is VE (M = 0.780, SD= 2.113), VM (M = 0.457, SD= 1.255), ST (M = 0.287, SD= 1.004), SC (M = 0.217, SD = 0.835), OM (M = 0.213, SD= 0.930), and finally MA (M = 0.207, SD= 0.728).
The comparison of the courtship displays of males and females at the different period of the day showed no significant differences between the courtship between the morning and afternoon (P≥0.00) but a high significant differences between the courtship displays between the morning and afternoon and the evening (P≤0.00).
In 2018 the daily activities revealed a statistical significant differences between years and daily activity, in foraging mean (13.82), SD (11.762) (P≤0.000), browsing mean (0.046), SD (0.226) (P≤0.000), resting (4.601) std. (12.508) (P≤0.001), walking mean (0.285) SD (0.761) (P≤0.000), suckling mean (1.230) SD (1.968) (P≤0.000), drinking mean (0.615) std. (1.127) (P≤0.000), and fighting mean (0.206) std. (0.704) (P≤0.000).
In 2019 foraging mean (10.38), SD (7.460) (P≤0.000), browsing mean (0.093) SD (0.251) (P≤0.000), resting mean (6.728) SD (11.418) (P≤0.001), walking mean (0.497) SD (0.658) (P≤0.000), suckling mean (0.565) SD (0.976) (P≤0.000), drinking mean (1.725) SD (1.605) (P≤0.000), and fighting mean (0.563) SD (1.206) (P≤0.000).
The present study showed a high significant difference in the daily activities in the meadows (P≤0.05), it is also showed a high significant difference in the daily activities at different months (P≤0.05). It statistically showed a high significant difference in the daily activities at different periods of the day time (morning, afternoon and evening).
The work is also covering taxonomic, qualitative, and quantitative assessment of the flora, status of vegetation cover of Abdel-Gani, Ras-Amir, Ein-alshamis and Beit-alwahash.
During the study period, a total of 29 plant species, in 15 families, in 11 orders were recorded. The dominant families were Fabaceae and Poaceae. The phenology of the flora showed that 71% was herbs, 14 % was perennial herbs (7%) and shrubs (7%) and 15 % was annual weeds, grasses, perennial grasses, sub-shrubs and trees (each represent 3%).
Thesis
2022-12-01T00:00:00ZImpact of Rangelands’ Use Patterns on Rangelands Health and Sustainable Management, North Kordofan StateAli, Alsammani Ali MohammedSupervisor, --AbdelazizKaramallaGaiballaCo-Supervisor, -Hala Mohamed Alhasanhttps://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/256982021-02-22T08:05:54Z2020-10-07T00:00:00ZImpact of Rangelands’ Use Patterns on Rangelands Health and Sustainable Management, North Kordofan State
Ali, Alsammani Ali Mohammed; Supervisor, --AbdelazizKaramallaGaiballa; Co-Supervisor, -Hala Mohamed Alhasan
This study was conducted in Elobied North Kordofan at Am Kass rainy season grazing area (Makhraf), located about 25Km from Elobied town. The objective was to study impacts of rangeland use patterns on Rangeland health and Sustainability. The sampling assessing rangeland health (vegetation attributes, soil seed bank and organic matter) for the study was based on identifying the main rangeland sites based on soil type (sandy and gardud soil). Data collected included vegetation attributes for herbaceous and trees (Frequency, Biomass production and densities at each site using transect sample methods. Soil samples were taken to determine soil organic matter and to assess soil seed bank for rangeland health assessment. Socio-economic information was collected from pastoralists using questionnaires. According to main findings nomads are about 78.4 % the nomads stated that soil is deteriorated due to intensive using of rangelands at P ≤ (0.000) and this found accompany low value for soil organic matter 0.36%, 0.32% at Sandy and Gardud1 soil and has there were variations between the two sites in soil seed bank which was higher in gardud site compared with sand, the live seeds and dead densities were (2067 seed/m2, 1728 seed/m2/5 respectively) whereas found low at sandy site ,the live seed and dead densities were 610seed/m2, 676seed/m2 respectively. In addition to this sandy site had the higher plant composition48%, whereas it was lowest at Gardud site 46%, bare soil and lowest plant litters compared to the sand site. Nevertheless the two sites recorded low plant cover, low biomass production which might be a result of the low seed bank in the area. Sandy site was dominated by unpalatable species like: Zornia glochidiata while Gardud site was dominated by Abutilon figrianum.This is also reflected in the low trees density such as Acacia mellifera, Boscia senegalensis was 40 and 15 plant /Ha respectively. On other hand the pastoralists stated that there is change in the range use pattern in term of time of entrance, exist and duration of stay at the grazing season areas. Rainy and summer season.
The nomads and sedentary respondents confirmed occurrence invasive species in the area and disappearance of more palatable species such as Blepharislinarifolia and Andropogongayanus. According to the results the study recommended that the rangelands management process should be based on sites characteristics and conditions when applying different rangelands management approaches beside Proper setting livestock routes and summer domains. The plant cover in the sand site should be increased and gardud site needs soil erosion measure particularly water erosion. The study recommended that to concern the variation of soil seed bank and different soil types in rangelands management strategies.
Thesis
2020-10-07T00:00:00ZAssessing the Roles of the Forest Policies and Laws in Achieving Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern Sudan تمAbdelrahman, Tagreed Abdelrahman BabikerSupervisor, -Abdelaziz Karmalla GaiballaCo-Supervisor, -Talaat Dafalla Abdel Magidhttps://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/256282021-01-11T07:14:34Z2020-10-06T00:00:00ZAssessing the Roles of the Forest Policies and Laws in Achieving Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern Sudan تم
Abdelrahman, Tagreed Abdelrahman Babiker; Supervisor, -Abdelaziz Karmalla Gaiballa; Co-Supervisor, -Talaat Dafalla Abdel Magid
The study was conducted in Gaderif State in Eastern Sudan. The objective was to investigate the prevailing forest policies and laws in response to sustainable forest management. Participatory methods of data collection were used included observations, interviews, personal contact, group discussion, and questionnaires. The secondary data was collected from reports, books and scientific journals. Data collected covered information variables related of local communities to socio economic characters, utilization and interaction of forest resources and awareness of local communities of forest laws. Questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information from the sample of 150 households, randomly chosen from three villages around the three forests namely; Elrawashda, Darelzain and Sarf Saaed well involving concerned bodies. Personal contacts and semi structured interviews were carried out with experts and professionals related to forest policy and laws in the natural resources institutions, legislative institutions and non Government Organizations. Additionally a semi-structured questionnaire survey was completed by interviewing 30 experts and professionals to analyze polices and laws and their roles in achieving sustainable forest management in addition to the coordination of polices and laws with other natural resources policies. The collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results of the study revealed that there is a weak participation of local people in forest protection and conservation. The study also showed that improper land use and transformation of forest land by mechanized farming increased deforestation. This is due to lack of coordination between bodies involved in natural resources management. Results revealed that some
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difficulties prevent the implementation of the forest laws included low awareness about forests importance and forest laws. Although Sudan government is committed to the international conventions, still lack of funding and coordination between the different responsible authorities existing.
The study recommended that stakeholders and other land users should participate in the policy formulation and development process. Moreover, policy formulation should be based on accurate data base; appropriate policy implementation tools; coordination of efforts for policy formulation. Therefore the study recommended that an overarching body will need to be involved in coordination and mobilization of developing policies and laws of natural resources. It is also study recommended of that natural resources related bodies to adopt formation of forum and raise dialogues towards to bringing up policy issues agenda and sensitize decision makers toward supporting natural resources policies.
Thesis
2020-10-06T00:00:00Z